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What's New on the GeneCards site

• Millipore: New provider, with a variety of targeted offerings, including recombinant proteins, antibodies, kits, assays, clones, and RNAi products, in the Proteins, Function, Transcripts, and Services sections. See IGF2.
• GIFTS: Introducing new GeneCards Inferred Functionality Scores. GIFTS are associated with GeneCards genes as a measure of the level of available annotation detail, used as a predictor for gene functionality. The distribution of inferred functionality scores is available on the Statistics page, where one can view random genes based on selected scores.
• Applied Biosystems: New siRNA products, in the Function and Transcripts sections. See AKT3.
• Abcam: New recombinant protein products, in the Proteins section. See AVPR1A.
• Tufts University: Their technologies that are available for licensing are now featured in the Technologies section. See BRCA2.
• Protein names: Uniprot's recommended protein names are now listed in the Proteins section, in addition to the Aliases and Descriptions section. See CLOCK.
• Categorization: 778 formerly uncategorized genes are now categorized as "protein-coding" due to the existence of an Ensembl protein. See STELLAR.
• GeneALaCart: 1) Support for significantly more detailed Uniprot information, provided in the Protein, Function, and Disorders sections. 2) New Output file order option: in addition to the default behavior of eliminating duplicates, one can choose to instead preserve the exact order of the gene list as specified in the input file and retain duplicates if they exist.

• 46,560 Entries, 24,824 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Licensable Technologies: New section, featuring, where relevant to particular genes, technologies that are available for licensing. Institutions currently featured include the Weizmann Institute of Science (see AHI1) and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies (see PMCH).
• Sigma-Aldrich: New GeneCards service provider, with Antibodies now available in the Proteins and Services sections. See CCL2.
• R&D Systems: New GeneCards service provider, with Human Recombinant Proteins, Antibodies, and Assays now available in the Proteins and Services sections. See AKT1.
• GeneALaCart: Support for categories, gene description, source, HGNC approval status, cytogenetic band, Refseq and Ensembl protein identifiers, drugs/compounds from almaKnowledgeServer, and orthologs from euGenes.
• Merged User Feedback and survey forms: Surveys will no longer pop up automatically. To contact us, click on the User Feedback link at the top of any GeneCards page, and fill out the short form (we value your input!). To compensate for your time, we will conduct another iPod raffle.
• Non-Coding RNAs (ncrnas) in the Transcripts section:
- New links to RNAdb. (see BCMS).
- Detailed annotation about ncrnas from Ensembl (see ENSG00000201407).
• Categorization: Improved algorithms, resulting in fewer genes being erroneously marked as "protein-coding".
• OMIM: Links to more disorders, due to improved parsing of their data.
• Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENet, formerly GDPInfo): Updated links in the Disorders section (see NFKB1).
• H-Invitational Database (H-Inv DB): New links in the Other Human Genome Wide Resources section (see MAPK3).

• 46,250 Entries, 24,422 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• New in GeneALaCart: support for SNPs, Paralogs from Ensembl, and Disorders from almaKnowledgeServer. Other improvements include similarity scores in Orthologs, sensitivity and specificity scores for binary patterns, and the capability to query by symbols only (in addition to symbols/aliases).
• Antibodies from GeneTex are now available in the Proteins and Services sections. See A2M.
• Cell based and pathway activation and profiling assays from DiscoveRx are now available in the Gene Function (see ADORA1, MAPK3), Pathways (see AKT1), and Services (see EGFR) sections.
• Bugs have been fixed in the calculation of exonic unit coordinates in the presentation of ASD splice variants. See EYA1.
• Qualifiers have been added to GO terms in the Proteins (see TPX2), Function (see BRCA1), and Pathways (see BRSK1) sections.
• Links to the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) site have been updated to reflect their move to EBI.
• Deep links to specific Alternative Splicing isoforms are now provided in the Proteins section (see CFTR).
• The text-only version of the full list of GeneCards gene now displays 1 gene per line for easier post-processing.
• GeneNote binary expressions patterns for non-differentially expressed probesets have been improved. See ABCF3.
• Links to Wikipedia in the Specialized Databases section (see BRCA2), for those genes that Uniprot identifies as having such entries.
• Search results can now be sent to Genomica. For example, after searching GeneCards for hepatitis, click on the Genomica button for further analysis and visualization of the found set of genes.

• 48,383 Entries, 24,158 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Proteins, assays, and drugs from BIOMOL are now available in the Proteins, Drugs & Compounds, and Services sections. See NOS1.
• New GeneDecks summary tables now rank the degree of similarity, taking into account all shared annotation combinations. Try GeneDecksing ABL1 for pathways.
• New in GeneALaCart: support for Paralogs (HomoloGene) and Transcripts sections (RefSeq and Unigene identifiers), and HGNC ids in Other Genome Wide Resources section.
• GeneALaCart now accepts aliases and HGNC ids as input when using the mixed identifiers option.
• GeneALaCart can now be accessed directly, via the URL: /GeneALaCart.
• Default output file for GeneAlaCart is now in MS Excel format (.xls).
• Searching by HGNC id is now possible when using the search by external id feature from the home page or advanced search. To link to a specific GeneCard using the HGNC id, see Linking to Particular GeneCards.
• Links to Ensembl transcript reports with schematic representions were added to the Transcripts section. See LAMA1.
• Links to Ensembl Gene Trees were added to the Orthologs section. See ASL.
• Link to GeneLoc's exon details has been added to the Location section. See AGPAT2.
• Link to the previous GeneCards version has been added to the homepage.
• The user feedback form (from User Feedback link in the orange bar, above) now has a verification step to prevent spam.
• Link to new GeneNote microarray integrated expression images in Expression section.

• 49,002 Entries, 23,864 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Improved Invitrogen links in Proteins for Human Recombinant Proteins and Antibodies, and a new link for Assays.
  New Invitrogen links in Gene Function for Clones and Primers.
  Additional Invitrogen links in Services: Clones, Proteins/Assays/Screening Services, Primers, and for searching the catalog for gene related products. See BTK.
• GeneDecks, now with a preliminary homepage, is also available for CST and Invitrogen pathways, as well as for InterPro domains. See ATM.
• GeneALaCart, with an improved display, now allows download of Invitrogen and CST pathways in "Pathways & Interactions".
• A text box for the output text file name has also been added to GeneALACart.
• Advanced search, including capabilities to refine queries to search only within specific categories or symbols/identifiers, to easily retrieve/edit the specific symbols found after doing a search, and to submit these symbols to GeneALaCart for batch query processing. See Options for further analyzing your results after searching for tay sachs
• SNP location types were added from PupaSuite, including information about SNPs that affect splicing sites, transcription factor binding sites, exonic splicing enhancers and triplexes. Click on the magnifying glass in the Transcription Data column for the first snp in ABCB1.
• Links to HapMap were added to SNPs. See WNT1.
• Improved GO annotations, including evidence codes and links to relevant Pubmed articles
• Pubmed ids were added to article references in Research Articles. See FYN.
• New GeneCards Guide, with explanations and examples of the different features in GeneCards, including a Getting Started, section, designed to help new users.

• RNAi products and Pathways are now available from Invitrogen. In addition, GeneCards also has links to Invitrogen's Antibodies Central, Drug Discovery Central, Human Recombinant Kinases, and Custom Antibody and Peptide Service. See TP53.
• Clones from OriGene were added in the Transcripts and Services section. See UBE2C.
• Search terms, including those for authors, will now be appended to the top ten list for literature and almaKnowledgeServer (AKS) (formerly Bioalma) diseases. See BRMS1, with search term "RhoGDI2" and OLFR@, with search term "Lancet D".
• Specific genes can now be displayed by entering UniProt, Ensembl, or Entrez Gene id into the url using id=<accession>. An optional type (uniprot, entrezgene, or ensembl) can be added for specificity by appending &id_type=<type> to the url. To see the GeneCard for OMD via its Entrez Gene id 4958, use carddisp.pl?id=4958&id_type=entrezgene.
• GeneALaCart can also take the above accessions as input when the "Gene symbols and other identifiers" option is chosen before submitting.
• Accessions from HGNC, EntrezGene, UniProt, and Ensembl are now shown in the Aliases and Descriptions box (as External Ids), with links to the entries at the specific databases. See MAP3K3.
• PharmGKB disease relationships have been added to the disorders section. See HMGCR.
• List of species to which a gene has no orthologs is now displayed in a popup window. See CTH.
• Papers in the Research Articles box now list their sources using superscripts. See RASGRP3.
• Information from Applied Biosystems, Abcam, and Cell Signaling Technology has been updated.

• 47,546 entries, 22,719 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Introducing...by popular request: Batch Queries! We present a Beta version of GeneALaCart, with the capability to receive selected annotations for sets of genes. GeneALaCart is currently available free of charge to academic and non-profit institutions, with a default limit of 100 genes per day (unless more are requested).
• Antibodies are now available from Cell Signaling Technology (CST) and/or Abcam, in the Proteins and Services sections. See the GeneCard for FGFR1.
• Protein-protein interactions have been added to the Pathways and Interactions section (previously named Ontologies and Pathways). Interactions from MINT and UniProt, with links to IntAct, are now available, as well as CST signaling pathways. See CBL.
• GeneDecks is now available for binary expression patterns. See LIPA.
• Phosphorylation sites can now be viewed (from the Post-translational subsection of the Protein section) via Phosphosite. An example of this functionality for our sample gene (BTK) is available here
• Genomic locations for RNA genes are now available from miRBase. See MIRN101-1.
• The Expression section now also includes links to EXPOLDB. See AANAT.
• Enzyme EC numbers are now included in the function and aliases sections, with links to IUBMB. See ACACA.
• A new Search Box enables data-driven searches of PubMed, OMIM, or NCBI Bookshelf. Queries can include the current gene's aliases and disorders, the search string that led to this gene, and/or user-specified terms. See GBA, one of the genes returned when searching GeneCards for tay sachs. The search box also features a 'Copy to Clipboard' button that allows the whole query string to be copied to the clipboard for use at other external databases.
• The Aliases and Descriptions section has been reorganized. Aliases are now shown separately from descriptions. A link to the new Search Box has also been added to the section. See TJP2.
• Navigation links have been replaced with a dropdown Jump to section menu that lists each GeneCards section and includes links to the top and bottom of the page. The menu is also available on the left hand side of each section. See KRT19.
• Gene Ontology entries are now divided by parent term. Cellular component terms can now be found in Proteins, molecular function terms in Gene Function, and biological process terms in Pathways and Interactions. See DMGDH.

• 46,671 entries, 21,845 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Introduction of preliminary GeneDecks features for KEGG pathways. While viewing a particular gene, one can now also click to see all of the other genes that participate in the same pathway(s). For example, when viewing the pathways for the gene AADAC, clicking on the associated GeneDecks icon brings up the GeneDecks display of other genes that participate in the selected pathways. (By default, all of the gene's pathways are initially selected.) We welcome your feedback as we continue to to develop and expand GeneDecks.
• A new Gene Function section has been added. Annotated information from UniProt and Genatlas have been moved into this section from the Proteins and Database sections. In addition, the MGD database is now mined for phenotypes of mouse orthologs, and a detailed popup table is provided for these phenotypic alleles. For example, see the GeneCard for AADAT.
• Improved SNPs. Pie charts are now provided to highlight allele frequencies. In addition, the order of SNPs presentation can now be refined and/or redefined by user specification of sort priorities according to their fields of choice. For example, see the GeneCard for PRAME.
• Searching PubMed from the literature section can now also include gene aliases and/or the current GeneCards search term, as customized by the user.
• Authors are now included for articles in the literature section, and can be specified in GeneCards search queries.
• Improved handling of searches that use wildcards (*).
• PDF files for all of the GeneCards family publications are now available on the publications page.

• GeneCards has a new url! Look for us at www.genecards.org.
• XML by Function is now available for the version 2.32 data. XML by Resource has also been modified and minor bugs fixed. Please contact genecards@weizmann.ac.il if you'd like to beta-test this feature.

• 35,401 entries, 20,799 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Drug compound relationships from PharmGKB, shown in the Drugs and Compounds section (formerly Chemical Compounds). See ABCC2.
• Alternative splicing information from the Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) in the Transcripts (formerly Sequences) section. See COQ3.
• GeneAnnot information now includes three chips: U95, U133, and U133Plus2. Note that U95-A refers to Affymetrix array AV2 (version 2). See CASP4.
• Coordinates for olfactory receptor genes come directly from The Human Olfactory Receptor Data Exploratorium (HORDE). See OR10AH1P
• Link to HGNC from databases section.
• Migration from LocusLink to Entrez Gene.
• New paralog information from HomoloGene and Ensembl. See POM121L1.
• Deep links to all cDNA sequences from AceView, which are sorted by quality. See CAD.
• GeneCards categories have been changed for compatibility with Entrez Gene types. An attribute was added intead of the former 'predicted' categories, which apprears in the top left box in the GeneCard display. See COAS2.
• Sorting options have been added to the keyword search, and some improvements have been made to the search algorithm itself. Most searches will run faster now.
• Allele frequency information from NCBI dbSNP was added to the SNPs section. A summary for expression and allele frequency data is displayed, and the details can be viewed in a pop up page. See ABCB1.
• The GeneCards homepage was reorganized to be clearer and more concise. Statistics on the GeneCards categories are provided with links to a sample card from each category and to the statistics page, which provides a keyword search within each category.
• New background color change for easy identification of mouseovers.
• Improved list of disease related genes. Genes listed now include those from more sources. See the disease list.

• 42901 entries, 20046 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• New links to Applied Biosystems reagents including TaqMan® Gene Expression Assays in the Expression in Human Tissues and Sequences sections, and to TaqMan® Genotyping Assays in the SNPs/Variants section. The expanded Services section also contains links to these assays, as well as to AB's VariantSEQr ™ Resequencing Sets and free SNP selection tool.
• New section for Chemical Compounds according to bioalma.
• New bioalma relationships between GeneCards genes and PubMed articles in the Research Articles section, Chemical Compounds in the new Chemical Compounds section and diseases in the Disorders & Mutations section.
• New orthologies from SGD^TM - the Saccharomyces Genome Database for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as baker's or budding yeast, in the Similar Genes in Other Organisms section.
• Improved orthologies from HomoloGene in the Similar Genes in Other Organisms section, based on their new technology that measures %similarity on the amino acids level. (Orthologs for organisms for which this data is not yet available are presented using HomoloGene's older nucleic acid based comparisons).
• New Affymetrix probe-sets in the expression section from the newer human HG-U133 set, provided by GeneTide.
• New GeneCards statistics graphs linked to from the GeneCards home page, containing distributions of the GeneCards sources and gene categories (e.g. genes, RNA genes, and clusters).
• Improved GeneCards display including more compact orthologies and SNPs sections, secondary page remaining on top, and the addition of a new information page that documents what's shown in each section.
• Improved search results display. Prior to the presentation of the minicards, an alphabetized list of the found genes is shown, together with a running indication of the %age of cards processed. Clicking on gene brings up the relevant card in a different window.
• Updated list of publications
• GeneTide and xmlByFunction cards have not yet been updated for 2.31. We appreciate your patience

• GeneCards data can now be displayed in XML by function format. This format has the main card fields in the same order as the regular GeneCards display. Please contact genecards@weizmann.ac.il if you'd like to beta-test this feature.
• The GeneCards search engine no longer times out on queries that are too general; it now identifies the situation and requests that the user enter a more specific query.
• Miscellaneous URL updates and bug fixes.

• 38,829 entries, 19,614 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee
• Introduction of GeneTide, the Gene Terra Incognita Discovery Endeavor, an automated system for human transcript (mRNAs & ESTs) annotation and elucidation of de-novo genes. New link to GeneTide in the sequences section. See ACE
• New link to the Genomics and Disease Prevention Information System (GDPInfo) in the Disorders and Mutations section, see INSR
• New link to ECgene gene models in the Other Genome Wide Resources section
• Cleaner display for lean genes: GeneCards for genes of the uncategorized, disorder loci and reserved symbols categories now only display fields that contain useful information. For example, see the LeanCard for BAS
• Tissue vector images now contain binary patterns. At most 5 unique binary patterns that reflect the over-expression (in black) and under-expression (in white) in different tissues are shown per gene, with their counts on the left. See hIAN2
• Improved navigation of each GeneCard via links at top and bottom to specific fields of the card
• New gene category for symbols reserved by HUGO for future use, see AACP
• New mirror site at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information
• The GeneCards mark is now shown with the ® symbol, to reflect its registration in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
• Updated list of publications

• 38,338 entries, 18,232 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee
• Links to pathway information from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) in the new Ontologies and Pathways box (GO has been moved to this box)
• New link to the Genetic Association Database (GAD) in the Disorders and Mutations section.
• Links to transcript and alignment information at AceView in the Sequences and Other Genome Wide Resources sections.
• Fewer uncategorized genes with the addition of two new gene categories called "potentially expressed sequence" and "RNA genes". For examples, see LOC132430 and RNU12 respectively.
• Display of alternative locations for genes when two sources give conflicting locations and/or one source gives multiple locations. See DUX1 for example.
• The electronic Northern and SAGE counts have been re-normalized, and are now presented on the same root scale in the same range (0-10000) as the experimental tissue vectors.
• Improved rendering of 3D protein structures via an upgraded OCA facility.
  For example, see the PDB id 11RK ( 3D) link in the Proteins section of the INSR gene.
• A revised academic mirror site licensing agreement which also covers GeneNote, GeneAnnot, and GeneLoc in preparation for their eventual availability as mirror packages.
• Updated list of publications

• 53,795 entries, 16,909 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee
• Restricted Terms of Use for commercial entities, following the commercialization of GeneCards. Commercial usage now requires a license from XenneX Inc
• Display of CGAP SAGE tags, as well as graphics for associated tissue vectors
• 2 new columns in the Expression section gene annotation table. Data matches the Correlation (x) and Relative length (y) axes of the GeneNote variation plot
• Inclusion in Domains and Families section of clustering information from Hebrew University's Protonet automatic hierarchical classification of proteins system
• New Related Human Genes box, enumerating associated pseudogenes, with links to pseudogene.org
• New display by GC id option (displaying by GC17P034621 brings up the card for CCL2)
• Wildcard search feature for symbol/alias and GC id options (see microcards for genes whose symbols match BRCA*)
• Chromosomal location section now displays other genes whose exons overlap with those of the presented gene, as determined by GeneLoc
• Updated list of publications

• Updated gene expression tissue vectors and variation plots to reflect upgraded prostate and pancreas experiments
• Ability to view GeneCards genes on a UCSC genome viewer Custom Track
• New mirror site at the Institute of Food Science and Technology - CNR Avellino, Italy

• Announcement of agreement with XenneX Inc to commercialize GeneCards.
• The GeneAnnot website is now live.
• Unified set of logos for GeneCards, GeneLoc, GeneNote and GeneAnnot
• Bug fixes:
  • Links to OMIM were not always displayed.
  • Variation plots and tissue vectors were not always in sync with respect to the number of probe-sets that were included/excluded.
• Updated XML schema files.
• Updated list of publications.

• 47,794 entries, 16,038 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Expression section now contains tissue vectors for all genes in the GeneNote project that have been matched to Affymetrix probe-sets via the GeneAnnot system.
• Enumeration of GeneAnnot gene-to-probe-set associations, including probe-set identifiers, arrays (A-E), sensitivity and specificity scores, and counts of the number of genes mapped to particular probe-sets.
• New GeneNote variation plots that depict how associated probe-sets are included/excluded into tissue vector calculations. To be included, associated normalized intensity levels must reach a threshhold (of 10) in at least one tissue. This variation is visualized in the x-y plane: the x-axis shows Pearson's correlations between individual probe-sets vectors and the average tissue vector; the y-axis shows the relative length of an individual probe-set vector (its scalar length divided by that of the average vector).
• Renaming of the Unified Database(UDB) for Genome Mapping to GeneLoc, and release of GeneLoc version 2.7
• Mining and displaying of Orthologies from NCBI's HomoloGene database for pig (Ssc, Sus scrofa), cow (Bt, Bos taurus), rat (Rn, Rattus norvegicus), mouse (Mm, Mus musculus), frog (Xl,Xenopus laevis), zebrafish (Dr, Danio rerio), fly (Dm, Drosophila melanogaster), worm (Cel, Caenorhabditis elegans), tomato (Les, Lycopersicon esculentum), barley (Hv, Hordeum vulgare), rice (Os, Oryza sativa), wheat (Ta, Triticum aestivum), corn (Zm, Zea mays(maize)), thale cress (At, Arabidopsis thaliana), and/or medicago truncatula (Mtr).
• Moving of Swiss-Prot's tissue specificity information to the Expression section.
• Inclusion of additional gene aliases from LocusLink
• Annotation of previous GC identifiers where relevant (in cases that GeneLoc deems it necessary to assign a new identifier to a gene based on updated information about its chromosomal location). Such GC ids will always remain with their original genes and will not be reused with other symbols.
• Elaboration of Gene Ontology (GO) terms to include textual descriptions in addition to GO identifiers.

• Relaxed Terms of Use for commercial entities, until a commercialization solution is finalized for GeneCards. These new ToU apply to all of the mirror sites as well as to the home site.
• UDB now fully incorporates the GeneLoc algorithm

• GeneCards are now printable in landscape mode. (use Page Setup to choose landscape, A4 paper, and 0 length right margins - and Print Preview first to verify).
  Tested browsers include PC Internet Explorer Versions 5-7, and Netscape Version 7
• Erroneous InterPro links are no longer displayed in the cards. (Any erroneous InterPro or gene description data shown in a mini-card but not in the actual card, and any pseudogene classification based on this erroneous description, should still be ignored - these will be fixed in release 2.27).
• GeneCards data can now be displayed in XML. Please contact genecards@weizmann.ac.il if you'd like to beta-test this feature.

• 44,738 entries, 15,002 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Enumeration of all of the genes (the GeneLoc subproject), integrating positional information from LocusLink and Ensembl, assigning integrated gene locations, and unique and meaningful GeneCards identifiers based on these locations. For example, the GC identifier for the BRCA2 gene is GC13P030875 .
• Using the GC numbers, the ability to search GeneCards for genes in a particular region. For example, one can search for GC01P001* to see all the genes on the + strand in the first kilobase of chromosome 1.
• Links to new UDB/GeneLoc gene density information in the Chromosomal Location section. For example, the APP gene links to gene density information for chromosome 21.
• 3385 new cards for novel genes predicted by Ensembl, categorized as predicted genes with support. For example, see the GeneCard for ENSG00000116726.
• Links to GeneOntology information in the Proteins section.
• Links to Leiden Muscular Dystrophy pages when relevant. For example, see the Specialized Databases section in the GeneCard for DMD.
• New expression legends with additional clone count information for electronic Northern tissue vectors.
• New GeneCards publication: Safran et al, 2002, "GeneCards 2002: towards a complete, object-oriented, human gene compendium", Bioinformatics Vol 18 no.11.

• 74,026 entries, 14,659 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Enriched Expression section (see CFTR), now including figures of the gene's expression in Normal human tissues:
  • experimental: A preview, for a set of 400 popular GeneCards genes, of proprietary Weizmann Institute of Science DNA array results
  • electronic Northern: tissue vectors for data mined from UniGene .
• More orthologies: new fly and worm data mined from euGenes and linked to Flybase and WormBase (see ACTA1).
• New figure of the gene on its chromosome, based on data mined from Ensembl (see APP).
• Better categorization into: genes (e.g. BRCA1), predicted genes (e.g. LOC137904), predicted genes with support (e.g. LOC153619), pseudogenes (e.g. PROSP) clusters (e.g. IGH@), disorder loci (e.g. AD6) and uncategorized cards (e.g. COX7B2), with statistics shown on the home page.
• More aliases and additional descriptions, sorted alphabetically.
• Improved Protein section, now containing protein REFSEQs.
• New "Protein Domains/Families" section, currently linking to InterPro and BLOCKS.
• Improved "SNPs/Variants" section, including a new link to SWISSPROT's variants section and an improved display of the SNP table.
• Improved databases section, with databases now divided into distinct categories: genome wide, general, limited scope, specialized, and services.
• Highlights of some GeneCards algorithms via tooltip balloons.
• Since the last release, three new GeneCards mirror sites: Univ of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA, Zentrum f?r BioInformatik, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany and South African National Bioinformatics Institute (SANBI), University of the Western Cape , Bellville, South Africa.

• 72,704 genes and 49 gene clusters, 14,257 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Expansion of the SNP section to display additional fields about each SNP. The SNP table is now divided into two sections, one for genomic data and the other for transcripts. The genomic section includes the SNP id, contig accession (NT number), position in the contig, orientation, nucleotide change, 5' and 3' flanking sequences and whether or not the SNP has been experimentally validated. The transcription section lists for each shown transcript, the SNP type (coding-nonsynon, coding-synon, coding, splice-site, mrna-utr, intron, locus-region), mRNA accession, protein accession, open reading frame, position of the SNP in the protein and amino acid change. The presented SNPs are sorted first by validation status, and then by SNP type.
  For example, see the SNP section of the BRCA2 GeneCard
• New link to IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics database, in the "This Gene in Specialized Databases" section (previously called "Additional Sources of Information on the Web")
• New "Expression in Human Tissues" section, currently linking to SOURCE (The Stanford Online Universal Resource for Clones and ESTs).
• New link to GeneLynx in the "This Gene in Other Gene-Based Resources" section.
• Improved disease genes curation and processing.

• 27,612 genes and 51 gene clusters, 13,548 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Expansion of the SNPs section to display details about selected, not withdrawn, single nucleotide mutations including SNP Id, contig id, contig position, orientation, and nucleotide change, with option to show the complete table of extracted data. For example, see the SNP section of the RUNX1 GeneCard
• Inclusion of gene description information for C. elegans homologs
• Capability to request a random GeneCard from the subset of HUGO approved genes as well as from the entire set of GeneCards genes.
• An alpha version of GeneCards data in XML format (for GeneCards licensees and academic mirror sites).

• 29,268 genes and 48 gene clusters, 13,395 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Links to the Ensembl Database, providing additional annotated information of known human genes in the genome sequence and prediction of additional genes with supporting evidence.
• Direct links to three-dimensional visualization of PDB structures. For example, to see the visualization for the 1olg structure of the TP53 gene, click on the associated 3D link in the Proteins section of the card.
• More complete SNP information.
• Counting of alternative splicing transcripts in the Sequence section of the card.
• Improved algorithm for bringing relevant literature from PubMed.
• Restored and improved access to the clone collection at the Resource center (RZPD), German Human Genome Project.
• New Terms of Use.
• Since the last release, two new GeneCards mirror sites: in Torino, Italy at the Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, and in Paris, France at the Curie Institute.

• 22,420 genes and 44 gene clusters, 13,046 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• New and improved graphics, developed by DoubleTwist.
• Improved algorithm for linking cards to the UCSC Golden Path.
• Information on C.elegans homologs from the University of Stony Brook C.elegans-H.sapiens Alignment Database, providing a comprehensive source of information about the genetics of worms. GeneCards displays characteristics of the corresponding C.elegans gene, including its symbol, GeneBank accession numbers, and percent of total similarity to the human gene.
• New capability of viewing a random GeneCard from the GeneCards Homepage.

• 20,417 genes and 41 gene clusters, 12,892 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• New section for Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) according to the NCBI SNP Database. SNP location is hyperlinked in the box if it is in the coding-synonymous, coding-nonsynonymous or splice-site region of the gene. All other SNPs are available via gene-specific links, and their IDs can be used in GeneCards search queries.
• Links to the Weizmann Institute of Science GESTALT Workbench (GEnomic Sequence Total Analysis and Lookup Tool) for analysis of large-scale genomic sequence data, with strong emphasis on the production of enriched graphical representation of the analysed data for the chromosome 21 genes.
• Links to the GeneClinics Database - a clinical information resource relating genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of individuals and families with specific inherited disorders.
• DOTS and MIPS assembly accession numbers are now sorted, with best matches displayed first.
• Since the last release, three new GeneCards mirror sites: in Turku, Finland at the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, in StonyBrook, NY, USA at the Medical Informatics Department, HSC, State University of NY at Stony Brook, and in Kowloon, Hong Kong at the Applied Research Centre for Genomic Technologies, City University of Hong Kong.

• 18,583 genes and 36 gene clusters, 11,980 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Incorporation of UDB Version 2.0 data that integrates genomic contigs retrieved from NCBI (including finished and unfinished sequences) with the UDB map - SBR (Sequence-Based Repositioning)
• Comprehensive handling of aliased symbols. If there is more than 1 GeneCard for the requested alias, the links to all corresponding GeneCards are provided on a separate page (for example, RIP). This feature is applicable when the 'Search/Display GeneCards by symbol' option is chosen.
• Categorization of GeneCards into genes (e.g. BRCA1), clusters (e.g. IGLV@), disorder loci (e.g. PHA2A), pseudogenes (e.g. PROSP) or predicted genes (e.g. PRED26) in the GeneCard name box.
• Indication (by name box background color and descriptive text) of data sources from which gene symbols were extracted. For example,
  

  HUGO

  LocusLink

  MGD

  CroW 21

• Links to the Database of Human Unidentified Gene-Encoded Large Proteins - HUGE.
• More synonyms and aliases from GDB, HUGO, OMIM and SWISS-PROT.
• Since the last release, two new GeneCards mirror sites: in Canada at the Genome Sequence Centre, BC Cancer Agency, and in Tennessee, USA at the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.

• 19,159 genes and 36 gene clusters, 11,688 of them with symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Links to the University of California at Santa Cruz Human Draft Genomic Assembly .
• Links to the EuGene (Genomic Information for Eukaryotic Organisms) for more details on similar genes in other organisms.
• New section for links to other gene-based resources (GDB, LocusLink, EuGene).
• GenBank accession numbers for mouse homologs.
• Chromosomal location according to OMIM, UDB and LocusLink.
• A new GeneCards mirror site in Spain at The National Center for Oncology Research.

• 14169 genes, 11563 of them have gene symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Cards for pseudogenes are now included.
• Additional information on Chromosome 21 locations from Nature 405, 311-319 and CroW 21/UDB.
• Links to the MIPS Pedant viewer for functional and structural characterization of protein sequences.
• Two new GeneCards mirror sites in Taiwan, at The Genome Research Center at The National Yang-Ming University , and at The Biomedical Engineering Center.

• 13147 genes, 10602 of them have gene symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Improvements to the homepage:
  • Capability to search UDB (The Unified Database for Human Genome Mapping)
  • Capability to display an individual GeneCard based on its Hugo symbol
• Information on assemblies of sequences from DOTS the Database Of Transcribed Sequences, developed by the Computational Biology and Informatics Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania.
• Links to entries in HORDE, the Human Olfactory Receptor Data Exploratorium at the Weizmann Institute of Science.
• Whole chromosome 21 sequence information from Nature 405, 311-319 and CroW, the Human Chromosome 21 Database at the Weizmann Institute of Science.
• Since the last release, two new GeneCards mirrors, at The Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA, and at Duke Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Durham, NC, USA

• 10,286 genes, 10,047 of them have gene symbols approved by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
• Information on protein families from BLOCKS.
• Information on assemblies of sequences from MIPS.
• Additional links to OMIM.
• Improved display of sequences: definition of Unigene clusters, Unigene reresentative sequence, REFSEQ mRNAs, REFSEQ constructed genomic contigs, MIPS assemblies and Additional Gene/cDNA sequences.
• Improved display of GeneCard Disorder Information.